HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

What is HTML?

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard code language for structuring web page content. It uses a system of tags and elements to define the structure, meaning, and presentation of content on the web. HTML serves as the backbone of every website, providing the framework that browsers interpret to display web pages.

Examples of HTML elements include:

  • <h1> to <h6> for headings
  • <p> for paragraphs
  • <ul> and <ol> for lists
  • <table> for tabular data
  • <form> for interactive forms

Why HTML is Critical for Web Accessibility

Using semantic, valid HTML is a cornerstone of digital accessibility since assistive technologies rely on it to convey structure and meaning to users with disabilities. Screen readers, voice recognition software, and other assistive devices depend on proper HTML markup to:

  • Navigate content efficiently using headings as landmarks
  • Understand the purpose and structure of lists and tables
  • Interact with forms and interactive elements
  • Communicate the semantic meaning of content

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) emphasize the importance of semantic markup in multiple success criteria, particularly under Principle 4: Robust - content must be robust enough to be interpreted by assistive technologies.

Implementation Best Practices

For web developers, UI/UX designers, and CMS users, implementing accessible HTML involves:

  • Use semantic elements: Choose HTML elements based on meaning, not appearance (e.g., <button> for actions, not <div>)
  • Maintain heading hierarchy: Use headings (H1-H6) in logical order without skipping levels
  • Provide alternative text: Include descriptive alt attributes for images
  • Label form elements: Use <label> elements or ARIA attributes for form controls
  • Validate markup: Use HTML validators to ensure code compliance

Common Mistakes and Misconceptions

Many developers make these critical errors:

  • Div soup: Overusing generic <div> elements instead of semantic alternatives like <nav>, <main>, or <article>
  • Styling over semantics: Choosing elements based on visual appearance rather than semantic meaning
  • Missing landmarks: Failing to use HTML5 semantic elements that create navigational landmarks
  • Invalid nesting: Incorrectly nesting elements, such as placing block elements inside inline elements
  • Skipping validation: Not testing HTML for compliance and accessibility

Key Takeaway

Semantic HTML is not optional for accessibility compliance - it's fundamental. By writing clean, semantic HTML that follows web standards, developers create a solid foundation for digital inclusion. Every HTML element should be chosen for its meaning and purpose, ensuring that all users, regardless of their abilities or the technologies they use, can access and navigate web content effectively. This approach not only supports WCAG compliance but also improves SEO, maintainability, and overall user experience.